Illuminating the Middle Ages

In the Middle Ages, books were printed on animal skin (called vellum) and were written by scribes. The scribes copied the books in scriptoriums in monasteries. They worked about six hours each day without artificial light and in relative silence. The entire medieval book-making process was very long, from the preparation of the vellum to the binding of the books. One of the most intricate steps was the process of illuminating the pages.

Illuminations were the decorative, colored designs that highlighted illustrations on the pages. Primarily, the glow of illumination was created with gold or silver, but other colors were used as well.

First, the artist drew an outline of the desired imaged. Next, he or she painted a sticky substance to attach the sheet of gold leaf. After the gold leaf was attached, it was rubbed to create a shiny surface. Finally, the artist applied tempera paint that was created with egg whites mixed with pigments created from ground minerals, plant extracts or chemically produced colorants. The result was a beautifully colored illustration.

The earliest surviving illuminated pages date back to the 5th century CE. The process began to decline with the invention of Gutenberg’s printing press in the mid-1400s and disappeared in the 16th century. Because the process was so intricate and lengthy, books were extremely expensive. Only the wealthy could afford to buy them until the printing press made the process easier, thus lowering the cost. The illustrated pages of medieval books are the best preserved examples of medieval art and there are many thousands that survive.

The Georgia Museum of Art’s Samuel H. Kress Study Collection has several examples of Renaissance art created with tempera paint on wood, a painstaking process that did not allow for much error.

Giusto de' Menabuoi (Paduan, active 1349–ca. 1390). St. John the Baptist and St. Catherine of Alexandria, 1363. Tempera on wood 28 5/8 x 18 3/4 inches (framed). Georgia Museum of Art, University of Georgia; The Samuel H. Kress Study Collection. GMOA 1961.1892 

The Samuel H. Kress Foundation donated this collection of 12 paintings to the museum in 1961. The Foundation has donated more than 3,000 works of European art to museums across the United States, and we are proud to be one of them.

Vatican Apostolic Library Reopened to Scholars

After three years of renovations, the frescoed halls of the Vatican Apostolic Library reopened to scholars this week on September 20. The 9 million euro ($11.5 million) renovation plan involved updating the library with state-of-the-art security measures and climate-controlled rooms for its 150,000 volumes of precious manuscripts.

The library, started in the 1450s by Pope Nicholas V, originally consisted of 350 Latin manuscripts. Today, it houses one of the world’s best collections of illuminated manuscripts.

During a recent tour of the library, officials displayed a replica of the Urbino Bible, created for the Duke of Urbino by famed 15th-century artists David and Domenico Ghirlandaio. The book is said to contain more than a kilo of gold in its illuminated pages.

The collection also includes the “Codex B”—the oldest known bible, dating from about 325 CE. The book is believed to be one of the 50 bibles originally commissioned by Emperor Constantine, the first Christian Roman leader.

For the 4,000 to 5,000 scholars granted access to the library each year, the reopening is welcome news. For some, it means finally completing research projects that have been on hiatus for more than three years.

For more information on the Vatican Apostolic Library, please click here.